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| ISO 9000 |
| 08.28.07 (1:46 am) [edit] |
| ISO 9000 ISO 9000 is maintained by ISO, the International Organization for Standardization and is administered by accreditation and certification bodies. For a manufacturer, some of the requirements in ISO 9001 (which is one of the standards in the ISO 9000 family) would include: I. a set of procedures that cover all key process in the big business; II. monitoring developed processes to ensure they are producing quality product; III. keeping correct records; IV. inspection outgoing product for defects, with appropriate corrective action where necessary; V. frequently reviewing individual processes and the quality system itself for effectiveness; and VI. facilitate continual development A company or organization that has been separately audited and certified to be in conformance with ISO 9001 may openly state that it is "ISO 9001 certified" or "ISO 9001 registered." Certification to an ISO 9000 standard does not guarantee the compliance of end products and services; rather, it certifies that consistent business processes are being functional. ISO 9000 family ISO 9000 includes the following standards: • ISO 9000:2000, Quality management systems - Fundamentals and vocabulary. Covers the basics of what quality management systems are and also contains the core language of the ISO 9000 series of standards. • ISO 9001:2000 Quality management systems - Requirements is intended for use in any association which designs, develops, manufactures, installs and/or services any product or provides any form of service. It provides a number of requirements which an organization needs to fulfill if it is to achieve customer satisfaction through consistent products and services which meet customer expectations. This is the only implementation for which third-party auditors may grant certifications. • ISO 9004:2000 Quality management systems - Guidelines for performance improvements. Covers continual improvement. This gives you advice on what you could do to enhance a mature system. This standard very specifically states that it is not intended as a direct to implementation. Certification ISO does not itself certify organizations. Many countries have formed accreditation bodies to authorize certification body, which audit organizations applying for ISO 9001 compliance certification. It is important to note that it is not possible to be certified to ISO 9000. Although commonly referred to as ISO 9000:2000 certifications, the actual standard toward which an organization's quality management can be certified is ISO 9001:2000. Both the accreditation bodies and the certification bodies charge fees for their services. The various accreditation bodies have mutual agreements with each other to ensure that certificates issued by one of the Accredited Certification Bodies (CB) are accepted world-wide. The applying organization is assessed based on an extensive sample of its sites, functions, products, services and processes; a list of problems ("action requests" or "non-compliances") is made known to the management. If there are no major problems on this list, the certification body will issue an ISO 9001 certificate for each geographical site it has visited, once it receives a satisfactory improvement plan from the management showing how any problems will be resolved. An ISO certificate is not a once-and-for-all award, but must be renewed at regular intervals recommended by the certification body, usually around three years. In contrast to the Capability Maturity Model there are no grades of competence within ISO 9001. |
| Six Sigma |
| 08.24.07 (1:25 am) [edit] |
| Six Sigma Six Sigma is a system of practices originally developed by Motorola to systematically improve processes by eliminating defects. Defects are defined as units that are not members of the intended population. Since it was originally developed, Six Sigma has become an element of many Total Quality Management (TQM) initiatives. The process was pioneered by Bill Smith at Motorola in 1986 and was originally defined as a metric for measuring defects and improving quality, and a methodology to reduce defect levels below 3.4 defects per (one) million opportunities (DPMO). Six Sigma is a registered service mark and trademark of Motorola, Inc. Motorola has reported over US$17 billion in savings from Six Sigma as of 2006. Key concepts of Six Sigma At its core, Six Sigma revolves around a few key concepts. I. Critical to Quality: Attributes most important to the customer II. Defect: Failing to deliver what the customer wants III. Process Capability: What your process can deliver IV. Variation: What the customer sees and feels V. Stable Operations: Ensuring consistent, predictable processes to improve what the customer sees and feels VI. Design for Six Sigma: Designing to meet customer needs and process capability Methodology Six Sigma has two key methodologies: DMAIC and DMADV. DMAIC is used to improve an existing business process. DMADV is used to create new product designs or process designs in such a way that it results in a more predictable, mature and defect-free performance. |
| Magas |
| 08.16.07 (11:10 pm) [edit] |
| Magas (Disambiguation) Magas (Russian: Мага́с) is the capital of the Republic of Ingushetia, Russia. The town was founded in 1995; it replaced Nazran as the capital of the republic in 2002, however accepting still as little as 300 inhabitants (2005 est.; 275 in 2002). The republic of Ingushetia becomes a separate federal entity of Russia in 1992, having been split from the Chechen-Ingush Republic. Nazran, the largest of three towns of the new state, was made a temporary capital; however it was badly suited for this principle. The city of Magas was founded just a few kilometers away from Nazran, and was supposed to serve purely for administrative needs. Its name originate from the name of the ancient assets of Ingushetia [citation needed], most probably destroyed by the Mongols [quote needed] in the 13th century. Its name is translated as "the city of the Sun". The president's palace and the government building were built in rich oriental style, and a business district is under construction. The city is projected to house concerning 30,000 populations in future. |
| Capacitors as memory |
| 08.06.07 (11:48 pm) [edit] |
| Capacitors as memory Capacitors can be charged, and when they are charged they can be discharged. When charged they act like a source of voltage but only for a limited time unless they are "refreshed”. If charged they can be "refreshed" by charging them again and again to keep their voltage above a specified minimum. This procedure can be quite automatic at regular intervals and applies only to capacitors that already have a voltage that is above that set minimum. ”Writing" into a capacitor-memory means either charging that capacitor or discharging it as required. We say that a memory is "a zero" if its voltage is below a specified value, and it is "a one" if above. Putting a 1 into the memory means charging the capacitor, while putting a 0 into the memory means discharging the capacitor. ”Reading" a capacitor-memory is equivalent to putting a voltmeter across its terminals to see whether its voltage is or is not above a given minimum. Memorandum: Modern memories use transistors, gates, diodes, etc. |